B. Solo Program A continuous program including all the above maneuvers must be performed to music for one and one-half minutes, with a leeway of ten seconds over that time permitted.
Selasa, 26 Oktober 2010
ice skating
figure skate
Disiplin
Skating indah dalam Olimpiade melombakan empat nomor perlombaan: tunggal putra, tunggal putri, berpasangan, dan dansa es.[3] Dalam kejuaraan internasional, disiplin yang dilombakan adalah skating tunggal, skating berpasangan, dansa es, dan skating sinkronisasi.[4]
- Skating tunggal putra dan tunggal putri
- Atlet melakukan loncatan, putaran, urutan langkah (step sequence), spiral, dan faktor teknis lainnya menjadi aspek penilaian dalam program.
- Skating berpasangan (satu putra dan satu putri)
- Atlet secara berpasangan memperagakan faktor-faktor teknis seperti dalam nomor tunggal, namun gerakan keduanya harus bersamaan bagaikan kesatuan, ditambah beberapa angkatan akrobatik yang spesifik nomor berpasangan.
- Dansa es berpasangan (dua orang: putra/putri).
- Dansa es berasal dari dansa ballroom, dan lebih menitikberatkan pada kerumitan gerak kaki dalam gerakan dansa yang rapat. Tidak seperti skating berpasangan, dalam dansa es tidak dilakukan manuver akrobatik seperti lompatan, putaran, dan mengangkat tubuh pasangan di atas kepala. Sewaktu mengangkat tubuh pasangan, tangan atlet pria tidak diangkat lebih tinggi daripada kepala. Dansa es terdiri dari tiga bagian: compulsory dance (gerakan dansa sudah ditentukan), original dance (dansa orisinal dengan lagu yang sudah ditentukan), dan free dance (dansa bebas dengan lagu pilihan sendiri).
- Skating sinkronisasi adalah nomor untuk kelompok campuran putra/putri yang terdiri dari 12 hingga 20 atlet; disiplin ini serupa dengan dansa es dalam kelompok, ditambah penekanan ketepatan formasi kelompok secara keseluruhan dan kerumitan transisi antarformasi.
- Compulsory figures yang mengharuskan atlet skating menggambar pola-pola wajib dengan menggunakan pisau sepatu skating. Atlet dinilai berdasarkan keakuratan dan kejelasan pola-pola yang dibuatnya (dulunya melombakan nomor perorangan, namun telah dihapus pada tahun 1990).
- Moves in the field (field moves)
- Fours (berempat: 2 putra 2 putri)
- Ice theatre (teater di atas es)
- Skating adagio (berpasangan)
- Special figures (menggambar pola-pola di atas es dengan sebelah kaki)
- Skating akrobatik (disebut juga akrobat es atau skating ekstrem, merupakan kombinasi skating indah dengan sirkus dan gimnastik).
teknik figure skating
Jumps
Main article: Figure skating jumps
Jumps are one of the most important elements of figure skating.Jumps involve the skater leaping into the air and rotating rapidly to land after completing one or more rotations. There are many types of jumps, identified by the way the skater takes off and lands, as well as by the number of rotations that are completed.
Jumps can be rotated in clockwise or counterclockwise direction. Most skaters are counterclockwise jumpers. For clarity, all jumps will be described for a skater jumping counter-clockwise.
There are six jumps in figure skating that count as jump elements. All six are landed on one foot on the right back outside edge (with counterclockwise rotation, for single and multi-revolution jumps), but have different takeoffs, by which they may be distinguished. The two categories of jumps are toe jumps and edge jumps.
[edit] Toe jumps
Toe jumps are launched by tapping the toe pick of one skate into the ice, and include (in order of difficulty from easiest to hardest):- Toe loops take off from the back outside edge of the right foot and are launched by the left toe pick (toe walleys are similar, but take off from the back inside edge of the right foot);
- Flips, which take off from the back inside edge of the left foot and are launched by the right toe pick;
- Lutzes, which take off from the back outside edge of the left foot and are launched by the right toe pick.
[edit] Edge jumps
Edge jumps use no toe assist, and include:- Salchows, which take off from a left back inside edge. Allowing the edge to come round, the opposite leg helps launch the jump into the air and land on one foot;
- Loops (also known as Rittberger jumps) take off from a right back outside edge and land on the same edge;
- Axels, which are the only rotating jump to take off from a forward edge (the left outside edge). Because they take off from a forward edge, they include one-half extra rotations and are usually considered the hardest jump of the six.
[edit] Rotations and combinations
The number of rotations performed in the air for each jump determines whether the jump is a single, double, triple, or quadruple (known commonly as a "quad"). Senior-level male single skaters perform mostly triple and quadruple jumps in competition. Triple jumps other than the Axel are commonly performed by female single skaters. Only one female skater has been credited with a quadruple jump in international competition.In addition to jumps performed singly, jumps may also be performed in combination or in sequence. For a set of jumps to be considered a combination, each jump must take off from the landing edge of the previous jump, with no steps, turns, or change of edge in between jumps. Because of this, the only two jumps that can be performed as the second or third jump in a combination are toe loops and loops, because they take off from the right back outside edge.
To use other jumps on the back end of a combination, connecting jumps such as a half loop (which is actually a full rotation, but lands on a left back inside edge) can be used, enabling the skater to put a salchow or flip at the end of the combination. In contrast, jump sequences are sets of jumps, which may involve steps or changes of edge between the jumps.
[edit] Other jumps
There are also a number of other jumps that are usually performed only as single jumps and in elite skating are used as transitional movements or highlights in step sequences. These include the half toe loop (ballet jump), half loop, half flip, walley jump, split jump, waltz jump, inside Axel, and one-foot Axel.  Alban Préaubert sets up for a jump. |  Andrei Lutai rotates in the air. |  Jamal Othman lands on the right back outside edge. |  A pair team immediately before a throw jump |
 A pair team after the woman has been thrown. She rotates in the air. |  A throw jump as the woman lands. |
[edit] Spins
Main article: Figure skating spins
Spins are a required element in most figure skating competitions, and they exist in all four Olympic disciplines. There are three basic spin positions in figure skating: the sit position, the camel position, and the upright position. There are many different variations in these positions. Such as, the pike position, the broken leg position, the doughnut position, the layback position, and the A-frame position.During a spin, the skater rotates on the round part of the blade, called the ball of the foot, just behind the toe pick. Spins may be performed singly or in a sequence combining different types of spins.
Spins may be performed on either foot. Like jumping, skaters mostly rotate in the counterclockwise direction, but there are some skaters who rotate in the clockwise direction. Some skaters are able to rotate in both directions. For skaters who rotate in a counterclockwise direction, a spin on the left foot is called a forward spin, while a spin on the right foot is called a back spin.
Spins can be entered on the ice or through a jump. Spins that are entered through a jump are calling flying spins. Flying spins include the flying camel, flying sit spin, death drop, and butterfly spin. Flying spins may go from a forward spin to a back spin. A flying spin can also be performed as part of a spin sequence.
In pair skating, spins may be performed side by side with both partners doing the same spin or combination spin at the same time. Additionally, in pairs and in ice dancing, there are pair and dance spins, during which both skaters rotate around the same axis while holding onto each other.
 A basic camel spin |  Side by side basic camel spins |  A pair camel spin |  A dance spin with the woman in a camel position and the man in a sit position. |
[edit] Lifts
Main article: Figure skating lifts
Dance lifts are differentiated by the skating involved. There are seven kinds of lifts approved for ISU competitions. They are separated into short lifts and long lifts. There are many positions the lifting and the lifted partner can take to improve the difficulty of the lift. Each position must be held for at least three seconds to count and is permitted only once a program.
Unlike dance lifts, pair lifts are grouped by the holds involved. In ISU senior level competition, the man must rotate more than one times, but fewer than three a half. There are five different groups of pairs lifts, differentiated by the holds involved. Legal holds are Armpit holds, Waist holds, Hand to hip holds, and Hand to hand. There are two kinds of hand to hand lifts: press lifts and lasso lifts. The lasso lifts are considered the most difficult pair lifts.
Twist lifts are a form of pair lifts, where the lifted partner is thrown into the air, twists, and is caught by the lifted partner. The lady may do a split before the twist, called a split twist. This is not mandatory, but it increases the level of the element. The lady must be caught by her waist in the air. She lands on the backward outside edge. The man also ends the lift on one foot.
In both pairs and dance, lifts that go on longer than allowed receive deductions.
Synchronized skating teams are also allowed to perform lifts in the free skating portion of the senior division only. Lifts can be pair lifts (such as in a dance lift) or a group lift with two or more skaters lifting another skater. In a pair lift, no more than one arm may be fully extended above the head at any time. Acrobatic lifts are not allowed. To gain additional points, teams will sometimes rotate and/or move lifts across the ice.
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Ice hockey
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Ice hockey (disambiguation). For other forms of hockey, see Hockey.
 An ice hockey game between Atlanta Thrashers and Florida Panthers. | |
| Highest governing body | International Ice Hockey Federation |
|---|---|
| Nickname(s) | Hockey |
| First played | March 3, 1875, Victoria Skating Rink, Montreal (first organized indoor game) |
| Characteristics | |
| Contact | Collision |
| Team members | Five skaters and one goaltender |
| Categorization | Net-and-capture |
| Olympic | 1920 |
While there are 68 total members of the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF), 162 of 177 medals at the IIHF World Championships have been taken by seven nations: Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden and the United States.[1][2] Of the 64 medals awarded in men's competition at the Olympic level from 1920 on, only six did not go to the one of those countries. All 12 Olympic and 36 IIHF World Women Championships medals have gone to one of those seven countries, and every gold medal in both competitions has been won by either Canada or the United States.[3][4]
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Selasa, 12 Oktober 2010
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